
JIAOGULAN

- Constipation.”Gynostemma Pentaphyllum can do wonders for your gut. Experts say that Jiaogulan can protect the gastrointestinal tract from damage caused by toxins and prevent ulcers. Drinking Immortality Herb Tea may also be a natural remedy for constipation and it will help balance the bacteria in your gut, leading to better health altogether.”
- Gallstones.-
- Obesity.- “Jiaogulan may have anti-obesity effects, according to a study published in the journal Obesity in 2013.
Using a jiaogulan extract known as actiponin, researchers assigned 80 obese patients to receive either 450 milligrams of actiponin or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, the jiaogulan group showed a significantly greater decrease in weight, abdominal fat, body fat mass, and body mass index compared to the placebo group.
A 2011 study in rats investigated the use of a combination of the Chinese herbs jiaogulan, coptis, and red sage in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, a combination of symptoms and cardiac risk factors that result from obesity-related insulin resistance. Researchers found the herbs worked synergistically to provide several significant therapeutic benefits, including fat loss, lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and improved glucose tolerance.”
- Cancer.”A cancer survivor started growing Jiaogulan after having first hand experience with The Immortality Herb. After numerous chemotherapies she was “barely surviving” and then with help of Jiaogulan tea, now she is living a very active life that some of us “healthy people” would envy. And this is just one example of the thousands out there.
In the late 2016 the Chinese researchers tried to determine the anti-cancer benefits of Gynostemma Pentaphyllum and its active ingredients. The researchers found that numerous gypenosides possessed by Gynostemma Pentaphyllum had anti-cancer effects ranging from preventing the spread of cancer cells to actually killing the cells directly. The research concluded that Jiaogulan had numerous potentially curative effects for cancer patients.” - Diabetes- “Several studies suggest jiaogulan may help control diabetes. While much of the research has been limited to animal studies, a small clinical trial published in Hormone and Metabolic Research in 2010 found the herb may significantly reduce blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.”
- Trouble sleeping (insomnia).- “Jiaogulan is an excellent source of natural antioxidants. What does that mean? Active ingredients in The Immortality Herb will prevent cell damage caused by free radicals. The powerful antioxidants like glutathione and superoxid
e dismutase will rejuvenate the cells not only in your body, but in your skin, thus making your young on the inside and well as on the outside.Another research suggests that taking Jiaogulan tea or capsules can prevent one’s skin from damage caused by extreme UV exposure.Taking Jiaogulan daily for two month will result in reduced signs of aging including fatigue, insomnia, memory loss, diarrhea and poor balance.
Jiaogulan is called The Immortality Herb for a good reason, it was brought to scientific attention back in the 70s that regions of Thailand and China where it was consumed regularly showed much higher longevity numbers and overall healthier lives.” Backache, Pain. - Improving memory- “Researchers at China’s Tangdu Hospital think that jiaogulan gypenosides may offer some protection from oxidative stress in the brain that leads to Parkinson’s disease. In the May-June 2010 issue of the Journal of International Medical Research, the scientists reported that the introduction of gypenosides to mouse brains chemically induced to mimic the symptoms of the disease resulted in an increase in glutathione output and superoxide dismutase activity in the substantia nigra, the area of the brain most impacted by Parkinson’s disease.” “Based on these preliminary studies, researchers from the University of Sydney set out to investigate the effects of jiaogulan gypenosides in rats with induced hyperlipidemia. In the Sept. 16, 2005 edition of the Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, the study team reported that the herb reduced nitrate levels as effectively as the prescription drug atorvastatin. In addition, a decrease in triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were observed.”
JIAOGULAN

- Constipation.”Gynostemma Pentaphyllum can do wonders for your gut. Experts say that Jiaogulan can protect the gastrointestinal tract from damage caused by toxins and prevent ulcers. Drinking Immortality Herb Tea may also be a natural remedy for constipation and it will help balance the bacteria in your gut, leading to better health altogether.”
- Gallstones.-
- Obesity.- “Jiaogulan may have anti-obesity effects, according to a study published in the journal Obesity in 2013.
Using a jiaogulan extract known as actiponin, researchers assigned 80 obese patients to receive either 450 milligrams of actiponin or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, the jiaogulan group showed a significantly greater decrease in weight, abdominal fat, body fat mass, and body mass index compared to the placebo group.
A 2011 study in rats investigated the use of a combination of the Chinese herbs jiaogulan, coptis, and red sage in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, a combination of symptoms and cardiac risk factors that result from obesity-related insulin resistance. Researchers found the herbs worked synergistically to provide several significant therapeutic benefits, including fat loss, lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and improved glucose tolerance.”
- Cancer.”A cancer survivor started growing Jiaogulan after having first hand experience with The Immortality Herb. After numerous chemotherapies she was “barely surviving” and then with help of Jiaogulan tea, now she is living a very active life that some of us “healthy people” would envy. And this is just one example of the thousands out there.
In the late 2016 the Chinese researchers tried to determine the anti-cancer benefits of Gynostemma Pentaphyllum and its active ingredients. The researchers found that numerous gypenosides possessed by Gynostemma Pentaphyllum had anti-cancer effects ranging from preventing the spread of cancer cells to actually killing the cells directly. The research concluded that Jiaogulan had numerous potentially curative effects for cancer patients.” - Diabetes- “Several studies suggest jiaogulan may help control diabetes. While much of the research has been limited to animal studies, a small clinical trial published in Hormone and Metabolic Research in 2010 found the herb may significantly reduce blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.”
- Trouble sleeping (insomnia).- “Jiaogulan is an excellent source of natural antioxidants. What does that mean? Active ingredients in The Immortality Herb will prevent cell damage caused by free radicals. The powerful antioxidants like glutathione and superoxid
e dismutase will rejuvenate the cells not only in your body, but in your skin, thus making your young on the inside and well as on the outside.Another research suggests that taking Jiaogulan tea or capsules can prevent one’s skin from damage caused by extreme UV exposure.Taking Jiaogulan daily for two month will result in reduced signs of aging including fatigue, insomnia, memory loss, diarrhea and poor balance.
Jiaogulan is called The Immortality Herb for a good reason, it was brought to scientific attention back in the 70s that regions of Thailand and China where it was consumed regularly showed much higher longevity numbers and overall healthier lives.” Backache, Pain. - Improving memory- “Researchers at China’s Tangdu Hospital think that jiaogulan gypenosides may offer some protection from oxidative stress in the brain that leads to Parkinson’s disease. In the May-June 2010 issue of the Journal of International Medical Research, the scientists reported that the introduction of gypenosides to mouse brains chemically induced to mimic the symptoms of the disease resulted in an increase in glutathione output and superoxide dismutase activity in the substantia nigra, the area of the brain most impacted by Parkinson’s disease.” “Based on these preliminary studies, researchers from the University of Sydney set out to investigate the effects of jiaogulan gypenosides in rats with induced hyperlipidemia. In the Sept. 16, 2005 edition of the Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, the study team reported that the herb reduced nitrate levels as effectively as the prescription drug atorvastatin. In addition, a decrease in triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were observed.”

SHATAVARI

- increased male fertility.
- replenishment of the immune system.
- acts as natural sedative tonic to calm the nervous system.
- soothes anger and irritability.
- relieves inflammation of different organs within the body.
- alleviates constipation, ulcers and chronic diarrhea
- It has antioxidant properties. …
- It has anti-inflammatory properties. …
- It may help boost your immune system. …
- It may help relieve cough. …
- It may help treat diarrhea. …
- It may act as a diuretic. …
- It may help treat ulcers. …
- It may help treat kidney stones.
Is Shatavari Safe?
Shatavari is well tolerated in traditional use, and no significant adverse effects have been reported.
Green coffee Bean – Studies have shown that green coffee has a number of potential health benefits. These include reduced blood pressure, increased weight loss, and improved skin. “Preliminary research has shown that green coffee stimulates weight loss. One study found that it suppressed weight gain and fat accumulation in mice. Studies in humans seem to confirm this finding. Another study found that people drinking coffee enriched with chlorogenic acid, the main active ingredient in green coffee, lost more weight and abdominal fat than people drinking regular instant coffee. They also had smaller waists at the end of the study. This is especially good news because having a large waist size increases your risk of developing a number of serious diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
Another way chlorogenic acid stimulates weight loss is by increasing levels of a hormone called adiponectin. Adiponectin helps your body burn fat and boosts your metabolism. It also reduces blood glucose and lipids, which may lower your risk of getting diabetes and heart disease. So green coffee not only aids in weight loss, but it also reduces your risk of developing chronic diseases.
It Can Lower Your Blood Pressure
Green coffee has been shown to significantly decrease blood pressure in both hypertensive rats and humans. Green coffee also reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which is known to increase blood pressure and cause other problems like weight gain. High doses of green coffee bean extract are most effective. So consider taking a few pills a day if you want to experience these benefits.” “
Research has also shown that chlorogenic acid increases blood flow to the skin. This increase in blood flow can give your face a more radiant appearance and even tone. So if you start taking green coffee bean extract, you might not need highlighter or foundation anymore!
Coffee extract also improves fine lines, wrinkles, and pigmentation, since it contains powerful antioxidants. Antioxidants fight free radicals that damage the skin and contribute to aging.”
SHATAVARI

- increased male fertility.
- replenishment of the immune system.
- acts as natural sedative tonic to calm the nervous system.
- soothes anger and irritability.
- relieves inflammation of different organs within the body.
- alleviates constipation, ulcers and chronic diarrhea
- It has antioxidant properties. …
- It has anti-inflammatory properties. …
- It may help boost your immune system. …
- It may help relieve cough. …
- It may help treat diarrhea. …
- It may act as a diuretic. …
- It may help treat ulcers. …
- It may help treat kidney stones.
Is Shatavari Safe?
Shatavari is well tolerated in traditional use, and no significant adverse effects have been reported.
Green coffee Bean – Studies have shown that green coffee has a number of potential health benefits. These include reduced blood pressure, increased weight loss, and improved skin. “Preliminary research has shown that green coffee stimulates weight loss. One study found that it suppressed weight gain and fat accumulation in mice. Studies in humans seem to confirm this finding. Another study found that people drinking coffee enriched with chlorogenic acid, the main active ingredient in green coffee, lost more weight and abdominal fat than people drinking regular instant coffee. They also had smaller waists at the end of the study. This is especially good news because having a large waist size increases your risk of developing a number of serious diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
Another way chlorogenic acid stimulates weight loss is by increasing levels of a hormone called adiponectin. Adiponectin helps your body burn fat and boosts your metabolism. It also reduces blood glucose and lipids, which may lower your risk of getting diabetes and heart disease. So green coffee not only aids in weight loss, but it also reduces your risk of developing chronic diseases.
It Can Lower Your Blood Pressure
Green coffee has been shown to significantly decrease blood pressure in both hypertensive rats and humans. Green coffee also reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which is known to increase blood pressure and cause other problems like weight gain. High doses of green coffee bean extract are most effective. So consider taking a few pills a day if you want to experience these benefits.” “
Research has also shown that chlorogenic acid increases blood flow to the skin. This increase in blood flow can give your face a more radiant appearance and even tone. So if you start taking green coffee bean extract, you might not need highlighter or foundation anymore!
Coffee extract also improves fine lines, wrinkles, and pigmentation, since it contains powerful antioxidants. Antioxidants fight free radicals that damage the skin and contribute to aging.”

GREEN COFFEE BEAN
Green coffee Bean – Studies have shown that green coffee has a number of potential health benefits. These include reduced blood pressure, increased weight loss, and improved skin. “
Preliminary research has shown that green coffee stimulates weight loss. One study found that it suppressed weight gain and fat accumulation in mice. Studies in humans seem to confirm this finding. Another study found that people drinking coffee enriched with chlorogenic acid, the main active ingredient in green coffee, lost more weight and abdominal fat than people drinking regular instant coffee. They also had smaller waists at the end of the study. This is especially good news because having a large waist size increases your risk of developing a number of serious diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
Another way chlorogenic acid stimulates weight loss is by increasing levels of a hormone called adiponectin. Adiponectin helps your body burn fat and boosts your metabolism. It also reduces blood glucose and lipids, which may lower your risk of getting diabetes and heart disease. So green coffee not only aids in weight loss, but it also reduces your risk of developing chronic diseases.
It Can Lower Your Blood Pressure
Green coffee has been shown to significantly decrease blood pressure in both hypertensive rats and humans. Green coffee also reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which is known to increase blood pressure and cause other problems like weight gain. High doses of green coffee bean extract are most effective. So consider taking a few pills a day if you want to experience these benefits.” “
Research has also shown that chlorogenic acid increases blood flow to the skin. This increase in blood flow can give your face a more radiant appearance and even tone. So if you start taking green coffee bean extract, you might not need highlighter or foundation anymore!
Coffee extract also improves fine lines, wrinkles, and pigmentation, since it contains powerful antioxidants. Antioxidants fight free radicals that damage the skin and contribute to aging.”
GREEN COFFEE BEAN
Green coffee Bean – Studies have shown that green coffee has a number of potential health benefits. These include reduced blood pressure, increased weight loss, and improved skin. “
Preliminary research has shown that green coffee stimulates weight loss. One study found that it suppressed weight gain and fat accumulation in mice. Studies in humans seem to confirm this finding. Another study found that people drinking coffee enriched with chlorogenic acid, the main active ingredient in green coffee, lost more weight and abdominal fat than people drinking regular instant coffee. They also had smaller waists at the end of the study. This is especially good news because having a large waist size increases your risk of developing a number of serious diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
Another way chlorogenic acid stimulates weight loss is by increasing levels of a hormone called adiponectin. Adiponectin helps your body burn fat and boosts your metabolism. It also reduces blood glucose and lipids, which may lower your risk of getting diabetes and heart disease. So green coffee not only aids in weight loss, but it also reduces your risk of developing chronic diseases.
It Can Lower Your Blood Pressure
Green coffee has been shown to significantly decrease blood pressure in both hypertensive rats and humans. Green coffee also reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which is known to increase blood pressure and cause other problems like weight gain. High doses of green coffee bean extract are most effective. So consider taking a few pills a day if you want to experience these benefits.” “
Research has also shown that chlorogenic acid increases blood flow to the skin. This increase in blood flow can give your face a more radiant appearance and even tone. So if you start taking green coffee bean extract, you might not need highlighter or foundation anymore!
Coffee extract also improves fine lines, wrinkles, and pigmentation, since it contains powerful antioxidants. Antioxidants fight free radicals that damage the skin and contribute to aging.”

GLUTOTHIONE REDUCTASE AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE
Glutothione Reductase and Glutathione Peroxidase
“These are enzymes that have antioxidant effects in biological and biochemical systems. The antioxidant defense system protects the cell against oxidative damage of free radicals or other reactive molecules.”Jan 31, 2020 This is in turn helps to prevent lipid peroxidation and maintain intracellular homeostasis as well as redox balance
First line defense antioxidants
These are a collection of antioxidants that act to suppress or prevent the formation of free radicals or reactive species in cells. They are very fast in neutralizing any molecule with the potential of developing into a free radical or any free radical with the ability to induce the production of other radicals. Three key enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalaseand glutathione peroxidase are top on the list. These enzymes respectively dismutate superoxide radical, breakdown hydrogen peroxides and hydroperoxides to harmless molecules (H2O2/alcohol and O2). The class also includes metal ion binding proteins like transferrin and caeruloplasmin which chelate or sequester iron and copper respectively, consequently preventing them from free radical formation.
2.2. Second line defense antioxidants
This group of antioxidants is often referred to as scavenging antioxidants. They scavenge active radicals to inhibit chain initiation and break chain propagation reactions. They neutralize or scavenge free radicals by donating electron to them, and in the process become free radicals themselves but of lesser damaging effects. These ‘new radicals’ are easily neutralized and made completely harmless by other antioxidants in this group. Most antioxidants including ascorbic acid, uric acid, glutathione, which are hydrophilic and alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) and ubiquinol which are lipophilic belong to this category.
2.3. Third line defense antioxidants
This category of antioxidants only comes into play after free radical damage has occurred. They are de novo enzymes which repair the damage caused by free radicals to biomolecules and reconstitute the damaged cell membrane. They are a group of enzymes for repair of damaged DNA, protein and lipids. They also do a sort of ‘clean up duty’, they recognize, breakdown and remove oxidized or damaged proteins, DNA and lipids, to prevent their accumulation which can be toxic to body tissues. Common examples include The DNA repair enzyme systems (polymerases, glycosylases and nucleases), proteolytic enzymes (proteinases, proteases and peptidases) which are located both in cytosol and mitochondria of mammalian cells.
2.4. Fourth line defense antioxidants
The action of these ‘antioxidants’ basically involves an adaptation mechanism in which they utilize the signals required for free radicals production and reaction to prevent the formation or reaction of such free radicals. The signal generated from the free radical formed induces the formation and transport of an appropriate antioxidant to the right site.8
Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase are antioxidant enzymes which do not only play fundamental but indispensable role in the antioxidant protective capacity of biological systems against free radical attack. The superoxide radical (∗O2) or singlet oxygen radical (1O2−) generated in tissues through metabolism or reactions in cells is catalytically converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and molecular oxygen (O2) by superoxide dismutase (SOD). H2O2 when accumulated is toxic to body tissues or cells. Also, in the presence of Fe2+ it is converted to deleterious hydroxyl radical (∗OH) through Fentonreaction. In order to prevent this phenomenon, catalase (another antioxidant enzyme) which is abundant in the peroxisomes breaks down H2O2 into water and molecular oxygen, consequently curtailing free radical-induced damage (Fig. 3). However, catalase is absent in the mitochondria, hence the reduction of H2O2 to water and lipid peroxides to their corresponding alcohols is carried out by Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). This collective protective effort is termed first line antioxidant defense, and the antioxidants involved are referred to as first line defense antioxidants. The role and effectiveness of the first line defense antioxidants which basically include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is therefore important and indispensable in the entire defense strategy of antioxidants, especially in reference to super oxide anion radical (∗O2) which is perpetually generated in normal body metabolism through several processes.
Glutathione peroxidases (GPx, EC 1.11.1.9)
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) is an important intracellular enzyme that breakdown hydrogen peroxides (H2O2) to water; and lipid peroxides to their corresponding alcohols mainly in the mitochondria and sometimes in the cytosol.39 Most times, its activity depends on a micronutrient cofactor known as selenium. For this reason, GPX is often referred to as a selenocysteine peroxidase. The enzyme plays a more crucial role of inhibiting lipid peroxidation process, and therefore protects cells from oxidative stress.25
According to Morón and Cortázar, there are at least eight GPx enzymes in human, GPx1–GPx8. The GPx 1–8 genes are mapped to chromosomes 3, 14, 5, 19, 6, 6, 1 and 5 respectively.44 Among the glutathioneperoxidases, GPx1 is the most abundant selenoperoxidase and is present virtually in all cells.45GPx2 is found much more in the gastrointestinal tract primarily in the intestine.46, 47 The kidney relative to other tissues is the primary location for GPx3, though; the enzyme is also present in extracellular fluids as a glycoprotein.48 Most forms of GPx are tetrameric in structure but GPx4 which is often regarded as phospholipid hydroperoxide is a monomer and differ in substrate specificity. This is because Gpx4 is the only GPx enzyme that breaks down phospholipid hydroperoxides. The enzyme also has a mitochondrial isoform that mediates the apoptotic response to oxidative stress49 and has a peroxidase independent structural role in sperm maturation.45, 50 GPx5 from both humans and rodents and Rodent GPx6 differ from other glutathione peroxidases in that their activities are independent of Selenium.51 This invariably implies that these forms of GPx may not be able to effectively scavenge H2O2, a feature which is characteristic of the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidases.52
The clinical importance of GPx has been underlined by a number of studies. Chabory et al. postulated that individuals with lower GPx activity are predisposed to impaired antioxidant protection, which leads to oxidative damage to membrane fatty acid s and functional proteins (Fig. 5), and by inference, neurotoxic damage.53 Forgione and colleagues had previously hypothesized that GPX1 deficiency directly induces an increase in vascular oxidative stress, with attendant endothelial dysfunction.54 Glutathione peroxidases, particularly GPx1 have also been implicated in the development and prevention of many common and complex diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease (Fig. 5).55
- Conclusion
The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) constitute a first line antioxidant defence system which plays a key and fundamental role in the total defense mechanisms and strategies in biological systems.
GLUTOTHIONE REDUCTASE AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE
Glutothione Reductase and Glutathione Peroxidase
“These are enzymes that have antioxidant effects in biological and biochemical systems. The antioxidant defense system protects the cell against oxidative damage of free radicals or other reactive molecules.”Jan 31, 2020 This is in turn helps to prevent lipid peroxidation and maintain intracellular homeostasis as well as redox balance
First line defense antioxidants
These are a collection of antioxidants that act to suppress or prevent the formation of free radicals or reactive species in cells. They are very fast in neutralizing any molecule with the potential of developing into a free radical or any free radical with the ability to induce the production of other radicals. Three key enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalaseand glutathione peroxidase are top on the list. These enzymes respectively dismutate superoxide radical, breakdown hydrogen peroxides and hydroperoxides to harmless molecules (H2O2/alcohol and O2). The class also includes metal ion binding proteins like transferrin and caeruloplasmin which chelate or sequester iron and copper respectively, consequently preventing them from free radical formation.
2.2. Second line defense antioxidants
This group of antioxidants is often referred to as scavenging antioxidants. They scavenge active radicals to inhibit chain initiation and break chain propagation reactions. They neutralize or scavenge free radicals by donating electron to them, and in the process become free radicals themselves but of lesser damaging effects. These ‘new radicals’ are easily neutralized and made completely harmless by other antioxidants in this group. Most antioxidants including ascorbic acid, uric acid, glutathione, which are hydrophilic and alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) and ubiquinol which are lipophilic belong to this category.
2.3. Third line defense antioxidants
This category of antioxidants only comes into play after free radical damage has occurred. They are de novo enzymes which repair the damage caused by free radicals to biomolecules and reconstitute the damaged cell membrane. They are a group of enzymes for repair of damaged DNA, protein and lipids. They also do a sort of ‘clean up duty’, they recognize, breakdown and remove oxidized or damaged proteins, DNA and lipids, to prevent their accumulation which can be toxic to body tissues. Common examples include The DNA repair enzyme systems (polymerases, glycosylases and nucleases), proteolytic enzymes (proteinases, proteases and peptidases) which are located both in cytosol and mitochondria of mammalian cells.
2.4. Fourth line defense antioxidants
The action of these ‘antioxidants’ basically involves an adaptation mechanism in which they utilize the signals required for free radicals production and reaction to prevent the formation or reaction of such free radicals. The signal generated from the free radical formed induces the formation and transport of an appropriate antioxidant to the right site.8
Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase are antioxidant enzymes which do not only play fundamental but indispensable role in the antioxidant protective capacity of biological systems against free radical attack. The superoxide radical (∗O2) or singlet oxygen radical (1O2−) generated in tissues through metabolism or reactions in cells is catalytically converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and molecular oxygen (O2) by superoxide dismutase (SOD). H2O2 when accumulated is toxic to body tissues or cells. Also, in the presence of Fe2+ it is converted to deleterious hydroxyl radical (∗OH) through Fentonreaction. In order to prevent this phenomenon, catalase (another antioxidant enzyme) which is abundant in the peroxisomes breaks down H2O2 into water and molecular oxygen, consequently curtailing free radical-induced damage (Fig. 3). However, catalase is absent in the mitochondria, hence the reduction of H2O2 to water and lipid peroxides to their corresponding alcohols is carried out by Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). This collective protective effort is termed first line antioxidant defense, and the antioxidants involved are referred to as first line defense antioxidants. The role and effectiveness of the first line defense antioxidants which basically include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is therefore important and indispensable in the entire defense strategy of antioxidants, especially in reference to super oxide anion radical (∗O2) which is perpetually generated in normal body metabolism through several processes.
Glutathione peroxidases (GPx, EC 1.11.1.9)
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) is an important intracellular enzyme that breakdown hydrogen peroxides (H2O2) to water; and lipid peroxides to their corresponding alcohols mainly in the mitochondria and sometimes in the cytosol.39 Most times, its activity depends on a micronutrient cofactor known as selenium. For this reason, GPX is often referred to as a selenocysteine peroxidase. The enzyme plays a more crucial role of inhibiting lipid peroxidation process, and therefore protects cells from oxidative stress.25
According to Morón and Cortázar, there are at least eight GPx enzymes in human, GPx1–GPx8. The GPx 1–8 genes are mapped to chromosomes 3, 14, 5, 19, 6, 6, 1 and 5 respectively.44 Among the glutathioneperoxidases, GPx1 is the most abundant selenoperoxidase and is present virtually in all cells.45GPx2 is found much more in the gastrointestinal tract primarily in the intestine.46, 47 The kidney relative to other tissues is the primary location for GPx3, though; the enzyme is also present in extracellular fluids as a glycoprotein.48 Most forms of GPx are tetrameric in structure but GPx4 which is often regarded as phospholipid hydroperoxide is a monomer and differ in substrate specificity. This is because Gpx4 is the only GPx enzyme that breaks down phospholipid hydroperoxides. The enzyme also has a mitochondrial isoform that mediates the apoptotic response to oxidative stress49 and has a peroxidase independent structural role in sperm maturation.45, 50 GPx5 from both humans and rodents and Rodent GPx6 differ from other glutathione peroxidases in that their activities are independent of Selenium.51 This invariably implies that these forms of GPx may not be able to effectively scavenge H2O2, a feature which is characteristic of the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidases.52
The clinical importance of GPx has been underlined by a number of studies. Chabory et al. postulated that individuals with lower GPx activity are predisposed to impaired antioxidant protection, which leads to oxidative damage to membrane fatty acid s and functional proteins (Fig. 5), and by inference, neurotoxic damage.53 Forgione and colleagues had previously hypothesized that GPX1 deficiency directly induces an increase in vascular oxidative stress, with attendant endothelial dysfunction.54 Glutathione peroxidases, particularly GPx1 have also been implicated in the development and prevention of many common and complex diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease (Fig. 5).55
- Conclusion
The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) constitute a first line antioxidant defence system which plays a key and fundamental role in the total defense mechanisms and strategies in biological systems.

SUPER OXIDE DISMUTASE
Super oxide Dismutase-
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the first detoxificationenzyme and most powerful antioxidant in the cell. It is an important endogenous antioxidant enzyme that acts as a component of first line defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). It catalyzes the dismutation of two molecules of superoxide anion (∗O2) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and molecular oxygen (O2), consequently rendering the potentially harmful superoxide anion less hazardous. SOD is a metalloenzyme and hence, requires a metal cofactor for its activity. On the basis of the type of metal ionrequired as cofactor by SOD, various forms of the enzyme exist.23, 24 The metal ions which are normally bound by SOD are iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn). In this regards, SODs are classified into three forms and these include (i) Fe-SOD which is commonly found in prokaryotes and chloroplasts of some plants (ii) Mn-SOD which is present in prokaryotes and mitochondria of eukaryotes and (iii) Cu/Zn-SOD is predominant in eukaryotes and more distributed, localized basically in cytosol but also found in chloroplasts and peroxisomes.25, 26
The various ‘isozymes’ of SOD are encoded by different genes. According to Rosen et al., Cu/Zn-SOD is encoded by the SOD1 gene mapping to chromosome 21. MnSOD is encoded by the SOD2 gene mapping to chromosome 6. The eukaryotic extracellular SOD Cu-Zn SOD is encoded by the SOD3 gene mapping to chromosome 4.27 Substantial amount of SOD3 is found virtually in all human tissues. A number of tissues including the heart have been observed to possess the cellular resources to transcribe SOD3 mRNA from SOD DNA. This is of great importance since SOD3 is the major enzymatic antioxidant defense against vascular and cardiovascular diseases (neurological diseases, lung disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, inflammatory conditions and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Association between SOD deficiency and a number of pathologies has been observed in both animals and humans (Fig. 4). Lebovitz et al.28 noted neurodegeneration, myocardial injury, and perinatal death in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-deficient mice. Zn-deficient wild-type and mutant human SOD1 have been implicated in the disease familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease which affects the nerve cells in the spinal cord and the brain.29, 30 Recently, Dayal and colleagues informed that deficiency of superoxide dismutase promoted cerebral vascular hypertrophy and vascular dysfunction in hyperhomocysteinemia.31
SUPER OXIDE DISMUTASE
Super oxide Dismutase-
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the first detoxificationenzyme and most powerful antioxidant in the cell. It is an important endogenous antioxidant enzyme that acts as a component of first line defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). It catalyzes the dismutation of two molecules of superoxide anion (∗O2) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and molecular oxygen (O2), consequently rendering the potentially harmful superoxide anion less hazardous. SOD is a metalloenzyme and hence, requires a metal cofactor for its activity. On the basis of the type of metal ionrequired as cofactor by SOD, various forms of the enzyme exist.23, 24 The metal ions which are normally bound by SOD are iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn). In this regards, SODs are classified into three forms and these include (i) Fe-SOD which is commonly found in prokaryotes and chloroplasts of some plants (ii) Mn-SOD which is present in prokaryotes and mitochondria of eukaryotes and (iii) Cu/Zn-SOD is predominant in eukaryotes and more distributed, localized basically in cytosol but also found in chloroplasts and peroxisomes.25, 26
The various ‘isozymes’ of SOD are encoded by different genes. According to Rosen et al., Cu/Zn-SOD is encoded by the SOD1 gene mapping to chromosome 21. MnSOD is encoded by the SOD2 gene mapping to chromosome 6. The eukaryotic extracellular SOD Cu-Zn SOD is encoded by the SOD3 gene mapping to chromosome 4.27 Substantial amount of SOD3 is found virtually in all human tissues. A number of tissues including the heart have been observed to possess the cellular resources to transcribe SOD3 mRNA from SOD DNA. This is of great importance since SOD3 is the major enzymatic antioxidant defense against vascular and cardiovascular diseases (neurological diseases, lung disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, inflammatory conditions and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Association between SOD deficiency and a number of pathologies has been observed in both animals and humans (Fig. 4). Lebovitz et al.28 noted neurodegeneration, myocardial injury, and perinatal death in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-deficient mice. Zn-deficient wild-type and mutant human SOD1 have been implicated in the disease familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease which affects the nerve cells in the spinal cord and the brain.29, 30 Recently, Dayal and colleagues informed that deficiency of superoxide dismutase promoted cerebral vascular hypertrophy and vascular dysfunction in hyperhomocysteinemia.31

RHODIOLA
“Rhodiola has long been known as an adaptogen, a natural substance that increases your body’s resistance to stress in non-specific ways.
Consuming adaptogens during stressful times is thought to help you handle stressful situations better (2Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source).
Rhodiola has long been known as an adaptogen, a natural substance that increases your body’s resistance to stress in non-specific ways.
Consuming adaptogens during stressful times is thought to help you handle stressful situations better”
May help with fatigue
In one study, 100 people with chronic fatigue symptoms received 400 mg of rhodiola every day for 8 weeks. They experienced significant improvements in:
- stress symptoms
- fatigue
- quality of life
- mood
- concentration
May improve brain function
“Exercise, proper nutrition, and a good night’s sleep are sure ways to keep your brain running strong
Some supplements may also help, including rhodiola.
A review of 36 animal studies concluded that rodiola may improve learning and memory function.”
May improve exercise performance
“Rhodiola has been claimed to improve sports performance by reducing physical and mental fatigue and increasing antioxidant activity (12).
However, research results are mixed.
On the positive side, one animal study found that rhodiola could improve muscle power and strength performance in rats. In the study, the rats were given Rhodiola rosea extract combined with another compound in rhodiola called Rhaponticum carthamoides (Rha) after resistance exercise (13Trusted Source).
Another study found that ingesting rhodiola shortened reaction time and total response time in young, healthy, physically active men. It also increased antioxidant activity but had no effect on overall endurance (14Trusted Source).
In other studies, rhodiola has been shown to improve exercise performance by decreasing perceived exertion, or how hard participants felt their bodies were working (15Trusted Source).
On the skeptical side, research points to studies showing that rhodiola supplementation did not change oxygen uptake or muscle performance, and it didn’t enhance the immune system of marathon athletes (16Trusted Source).
Also, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health warns that there is insufficient evidence from human studies to conclude that rhodiola is helpful for any health-related use (17). Part of the reason for this may be that researchers do not yet understand exactly how rhodiola affects human performance (18).”- Healthline.com
RHODIOLA
“Rhodiola has long been known as an adaptogen, a natural substance that increases your body’s resistance to stress in non-specific ways.
Consuming adaptogens during stressful times is thought to help you handle stressful situations better (2Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source).
Rhodiola has long been known as an adaptogen, a natural substance that increases your body’s resistance to stress in non-specific ways.
Consuming adaptogens during stressful times is thought to help you handle stressful situations better”
May help with fatigue
In one study, 100 people with chronic fatigue symptoms received 400 mg of rhodiola every day for 8 weeks. They experienced significant improvements in:
- stress symptoms
- fatigue
- quality of life
- mood
- concentration
May improve brain function
“Exercise, proper nutrition, and a good night’s sleep are sure ways to keep your brain running strong
Some supplements may also help, including rhodiola.
A review of 36 animal studies concluded that rodiola may improve learning and memory function.”
May improve exercise performance
“Rhodiola has been claimed to improve sports performance by reducing physical and mental fatigue and increasing antioxidant activity (12).
However, research results are mixed.
On the positive side, one animal study found that rhodiola could improve muscle power and strength performance in rats. In the study, the rats were given Rhodiola rosea extract combined with another compound in rhodiola called Rhaponticum carthamoides (Rha) after resistance exercise (13Trusted Source).
Another study found that ingesting rhodiola shortened reaction time and total response time in young, healthy, physically active men. It also increased antioxidant activity but had no effect on overall endurance (14Trusted Source).
In other studies, rhodiola has been shown to improve exercise performance by decreasing perceived exertion, or how hard participants felt their bodies were working (15Trusted Source).
On the skeptical side, research points to studies showing that rhodiola supplementation did not change oxygen uptake or muscle performance, and it didn’t enhance the immune system of marathon athletes (16Trusted Source).
Also, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health warns that there is insufficient evidence from human studies to conclude that rhodiola is helpful for any health-related use (17). Part of the reason for this may be that researchers do not yet understand exactly how rhodiola affects human performance (18).”- Healthline.com

GINSENG
“ginseng taken orally is promoted for increasing resistance to environmental stress and as a general tonic to improve well-being. Asian ginseng is also promoted as a dietary supplement for a variety of other reasons—to improve physical stamina, concentration, and memory; stimulate immune function; slow the aging process; and relieve various other health problems, such as respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, depression, anxiety, and menopausal hot flashes. Topical use (applied to the skin) of Asian ginseng as part of a multi-ingredient preparation is promoted for premature ejaculation.
- Asian ginseng contains many substances; those thought to be most important are called ginsenosides (or panaxosides).”- The NCCIH Clearinghouse
- Increase Energy
Both American and Asian ginseng may be viable treatments for fatigue in people with chronic illnesses. In one pilot study looking at ginseng supplementation and cancer-related fatigue in 290 patients for an eight-week period, over twice as many patients on ginseng perceived a benefit compared to people given a placebo (learn more about -eatingwell.com
Reduce Pain
“Animal models suggest ginseng may also help quell pain, including arthritis-associated pain, as well as combat inflammation and boost immunity.”.- eatingwell.com
“Ginseng has been used in Asia and North America for centuries. Many use it to improve thinking, concentration, memory and physical endurance.
It’s also utilized to help with depression, anxiety and as a chronic fatigue natural treatment. This well-known herb is known to boost the immune system, fight infections and help men with erectile dysfunction.
Native Americans once used the root as a stimulant and headache remedy, as well as a treatment for infertility, fever and indigestion.”- Dr. Josh Axe
GINSENG
“ginseng taken orally is promoted for increasing resistance to environmental stress and as a general tonic to improve well-being. Asian ginseng is also promoted as a dietary supplement for a variety of other reasons—to improve physical stamina, concentration, and memory; stimulate immune function; slow the aging process; and relieve various other health problems, such as respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, depression, anxiety, and menopausal hot flashes. Topical use (applied to the skin) of Asian ginseng as part of a multi-ingredient preparation is promoted for premature ejaculation.
- Asian ginseng contains many substances; those thought to be most important are called ginsenosides (or panaxosides).”- The NCCIH Clearinghouse
- Increase Energy
Both American and Asian ginseng may be viable treatments for fatigue in people with chronic illnesses. In one pilot study looking at ginseng supplementation and cancer-related fatigue in 290 patients for an eight-week period, over twice as many patients on ginseng perceived a benefit compared to people given a placebo (learn more about -eatingwell.com
Reduce Pain
“Animal models suggest ginseng may also help quell pain, including arthritis-associated pain, as well as combat inflammation and boost immunity.”.- eatingwell.com
“Ginseng has been used in Asia and North America for centuries. Many use it to improve thinking, concentration, memory and physical endurance.
It’s also utilized to help with depression, anxiety and as a chronic fatigue natural treatment. This well-known herb is known to boost the immune system, fight infections and help men with erectile dysfunction.
Native Americans once used the root as a stimulant and headache remedy, as well as a treatment for infertility, fever and indigestion.”- Dr. Josh Axe

ACEROLA CHERRY
Acerola Cherry-
- “used to treat or prevent scurvy, a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. Acerola is also used for preventing heart disease, “hardening of the arteries” (atherosclerosis), blood clots, and cancer.” -Wikipedia
- “Acerola produces cherry-like berries, but it’s not a true cherry. These berries are pleasant-tasting and have been used in modern and folk medicine. Traditional uses include treatment for liver ailments, diarrhea, dysentery, coughs, and colds.
- Recently, there has been interest in using acerola’s vitamin C content as a supplement. There are many health and wellness claims made about this supplement, but not all have research to back them up.”-healthline
- Other uses of acerola include:
- antidepressant
- antifungal
- athletic endurance
- diarrhea
- dysentery
- skin astringent (cream)
ACEROLA CHERRY
Acerola Cherry-
- “used to treat or prevent scurvy, a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. Acerola is also used for preventing heart disease, “hardening of the arteries” (atherosclerosis), blood clots, and cancer.” -Wikipedia
- “Acerola produces cherry-like berries, but it’s not a true cherry. These berries are pleasant-tasting and have been used in modern and folk medicine. Traditional uses include treatment for liver ailments, diarrhea, dysentery, coughs, and colds.
- Recently, there has been interest in using acerola’s vitamin C content as a supplement. There are many health and wellness claims made about this supplement, but not all have research to back them up.”-healthline
- Other uses of acerola include:
- antidepressant
- antifungal
- athletic endurance
- diarrhea
- dysentery
- skin astringent (cream)

LACTOBACILLUS PROBIOTIC STRAIN
“Lactobacillus species are probiotics (“good” bacteria) normally found in human digestive and urinary tracts. They can be consumed for diarrhea and “gut health.” “Good” bacteria such as Lactobacillus can help the body break down food, absorb nutrients, and fight off “bad” organisms that might cause diseases.“ WebMd.com
“Found naturally in your intestines, Lactobacillus acidophilus is one of the best-known probiotics—beneficial microorganisms that may promote health and protect against infections.
Lactobacillus acidophilus balances potentially harmful bacteria that can otherwise flourish in the gut due to illness or antibiotics. It may also help balance flora in the vagina, helping to prevent yeast infections.
Commonly found in yogurt and other fermented foods, it is also available in supplement form.”- verywellhealth.com
Health Benefits
“L. acidophilus belongs to the Lactobacillus family of bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria (or L) converts sugars into lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, substances that inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria in the intestines.
In alternative medicine, acidophilus is sometimes used to prevent or treat several health conditions, including:”-verywellhealth.com
- Acne1
- Bacterial vaginosis
- C. difficile infection2
- Candida infection (yeast infection)3
- Diabetes
- Diarrhea2
- E. coli infection
- Eczema4
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Lactose intolerance
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- IBS
- “Vaginal Health
- acidophilusmay be helpful in the prevention and treatment of vaginal infections. According to a 2014 review, Lactobacillussupplements (including acidophilus) taken daily may help prevent and treat bacterial vaginosis, a common vaginal infection that results from an imbalance in the types of bacteria (flora) in the vagina.11
Acidophilus is commonly recommended for the prevention of yeast infections while taking antibiotics. Laboratory research shows the probiotic inhibits the growth of Candida albicans in cell cultures, but little research has been done in humans.12
A 2015 clinical trial published in the journal Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins found L. acidophilus can help to prevent recurring yeast infections following standard medical treatment.13
In the study, 436 women with vaginal candidiasis were treated with the antifungal fenticonazole. Five days later, roughly half the subjects were treated with multiple intravaginal L. acidophilus treatments. Those given the probiotic had a significant reduction in recurring infections.
Immune Health
Acidophilus has antimicrobial and antiviral properties and may help to prevent colds, viruses, and even allergies. There is research to suggest probiotics, including acidophilus, may reduce cold symptoms in children.” verywellhealth.com
LACTOBACILLUS PROBIOTIC STRAIN
“Lactobacillus species are probiotics (“good” bacteria) normally found in human digestive and urinary tracts. They can be consumed for diarrhea and “gut health.” “Good” bacteria such as Lactobacillus can help the body break down food, absorb nutrients, and fight off “bad” organisms that might cause diseases.“ WebMd.com
“Found naturally in your intestines, Lactobacillus acidophilus is one of the best-known probiotics—beneficial microorganisms that may promote health and protect against infections.
Lactobacillus acidophilus balances potentially harmful bacteria that can otherwise flourish in the gut due to illness or antibiotics. It may also help balance flora in the vagina, helping to prevent yeast infections.
Commonly found in yogurt and other fermented foods, it is also available in supplement form.”- verywellhealth.com
Health Benefits
“L. acidophilus belongs to the Lactobacillus family of bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria (or L) converts sugars into lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, substances that inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria in the intestines.
In alternative medicine, acidophilus is sometimes used to prevent or treat several health conditions, including:”-verywellhealth.com
- Acne1
- Bacterial vaginosis
- C. difficile infection2
- Candida infection (yeast infection)3
- Diabetes
- Diarrhea2
- E. coli infection
- Eczema4
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Lactose intolerance
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- IBS
- “Vaginal Health
- acidophilusmay be helpful in the prevention and treatment of vaginal infections. According to a 2014 review, Lactobacillussupplements (including acidophilus) taken daily may help prevent and treat bacterial vaginosis, a common vaginal infection that results from an imbalance in the types of bacteria (flora) in the vagina.11
Acidophilus is commonly recommended for the prevention of yeast infections while taking antibiotics. Laboratory research shows the probiotic inhibits the growth of Candida albicans in cell cultures, but little research has been done in humans.12
A 2015 clinical trial published in the journal Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins found L. acidophilus can help to prevent recurring yeast infections following standard medical treatment.13
In the study, 436 women with vaginal candidiasis were treated with the antifungal fenticonazole. Five days later, roughly half the subjects were treated with multiple intravaginal L. acidophilus treatments. Those given the probiotic had a significant reduction in recurring infections.
Immune Health
Acidophilus has antimicrobial and antiviral properties and may help to prevent colds, viruses, and even allergies. There is research to suggest probiotics, including acidophilus, may reduce cold symptoms in children.” verywellhealth.com

HYALURONIC ACID
Hyaluronic acid
“Hyaluronic acid helps skin in multiple ways including:
o adding moisture
o smoothing and improving overall texture
o reducing fine wrinkles
o reducing acne scars
o calming unwanted redness
o conditioning dermis on scalp
Hyaluronic acid can also benefit your overall health. It can:
o soothe acid reflux
o relieve joint pain
o healing of wounds
o dry eyes
o helps bone density
o prevent bladder problems”. -Greatist.com
o “Hyaluronic acid works by acting as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues. In addition, it might affect the way the body responds to injury and may decrease inflammation”- Medicinenet.com
HYALURONIC ACID
Hyaluronic acid
“Hyaluronic acid helps skin in multiple ways including:
o adding moisture
o smoothing and improving overall texture
o reducing fine wrinkles
o reducing acne scars
o calming unwanted redness
o conditioning dermis on scalp
Hyaluronic acid can also benefit your overall health. It can:
o soothe acid reflux
o relieve joint pain
o healing of wounds
o dry eyes
o helps bone density
o prevent bladder problems”. -Greatist.com
o “Hyaluronic acid works by acting as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues. In addition, it might affect the way the body responds to injury and may decrease inflammation”- Medicinenet.com

BACILLUS
Some people use Bacillus coagulans to prevent respiratory infections and ramp up the immune system. It is also used to prevent cancer or the formation of cancer-causing agents. There is also some interest in using it as an additive to vaccines to improve their effectiveness.” “People take Bacillus coagulans for diarrhea, including infectious types such as rotaviral diarrhea in children; traveler’s diarrhea; and diarrhea caused by antibiotics. Bacillus coagulans is also used for general digestion problems, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis), a bowel disorder called Clostridium difficile colitis, excessive growth of “bad” bacteria in the intestine, and infection due to the ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori.”-(rxlist.com) Reviewed on 6/11/2021 “Bacillus coagulans produces lactic acid and, as a result, is often misclassified as lactic acid bacteria such as lactobacillus. In fact, some commercial products containing Bacillus coagulans are marketed as Lactobacillus sporogenes or “spore-forming lactic acid bacterium.” Unlike lactic acid bacteria such as lactobacillus or bifidobacteria, Bacillus coagulans forms reproductive structures called spores. Spores are actually an important factor in telling Bacillus coagulans apart from lactic acid bacteria.”-rxlist.com
BACILLUS
Some people use Bacillus coagulans to prevent respiratory infections and ramp up the immune system. It is also used to prevent cancer or the formation of cancer-causing agents. There is also some interest in using it as an additive to vaccines to improve their effectiveness.” “People take Bacillus coagulans for diarrhea, including infectious types such as rotaviral diarrhea in children; traveler’s diarrhea; and diarrhea caused by antibiotics. Bacillus coagulans is also used for general digestion problems, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis), a bowel disorder called Clostridium difficile colitis, excessive growth of “bad” bacteria in the intestine, and infection due to the ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori.”-(rxlist.com) Reviewed on 6/11/2021 “Bacillus coagulans produces lactic acid and, as a result, is often misclassified as lactic acid bacteria such as lactobacillus. In fact, some commercial products containing Bacillus coagulans are marketed as Lactobacillus sporogenes or “spore-forming lactic acid bacterium.” Unlike lactic acid bacteria such as lactobacillus or bifidobacteria, Bacillus coagulans forms reproductive structures called spores. Spores are actually an important factor in telling Bacillus coagulans apart from lactic acid bacteria.”-rxlist.com

BRETTANOMYCES BENEFICIAL YEAST STRAIN PROBIOTIC
Brettanomyces Beneficial Yeast Strain Probiotic- “Probiotic yeasts have also shown a positive effect on poultry health and nutrition by reducing lactic acid acidosis, increasing fiber digestibility, secreting enzymes and improving animal performance by enhancing their growth rate and increasing milk, meat and eggs production” Jlongdom.org
Advantages of yeast over bacteria probiotics
“More than 50 clinical trials (more than 8,000 subjects involved in total) have been conducted to date regarding the efficacy of S. boulardii and its effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of intestinal symptoms, specifically antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), diarrhea due to clostridium difficile infection (CDI), traveller’s diarrhea and acute diarrhea and persistent diarrhea. Studies showed several advantages of consuming S. boulardii over bacteria probiotics in treating such gastrointestinal diseases). “-Nutriainingredients
Brettanomyces is a non-spore forming genus of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. This beneficial yeast strain may help with yeast infections, Candida, and problem skin.
BRETTANOMYCES BENEFICIAL YEAST STRAIN PROBIOTIC
Brettanomyces Beneficial Yeast Strain Probiotic- “Probiotic yeasts have also shown a positive effect on poultry health and nutrition by reducing lactic acid acidosis, increasing fiber digestibility, secreting enzymes and improving animal performance by enhancing their growth rate and increasing milk, meat and eggs production” Jlongdom.org
Advantages of yeast over bacteria probiotics
“More than 50 clinical trials (more than 8,000 subjects involved in total) have been conducted to date regarding the efficacy of S. boulardii and its effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of intestinal symptoms, specifically antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), diarrhea due to clostridium difficile infection (CDI), traveller’s diarrhea and acute diarrhea and persistent diarrhea. Studies showed several advantages of consuming S. boulardii over bacteria probiotics in treating such gastrointestinal diseases). “-Nutriainingredients
Brettanomyces is a non-spore forming genus of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. This beneficial yeast strain may help with yeast infections, Candida, and problem skin.

MYRRH
Myrrh is used to make medicine. Myrrh is used for indigestion, ulcers, colds, cough, asthma, lung congestion, arthritis pain, cancer, leprosy, spasms, and syphilis. It is also used as a stimulant and to increase menstrual flow
Kills Harmful Bacteria
“Ancient Egyptians used myrrh and other essential oils to embalm mummies, as the oils not only provide a nice scent but also slow decay. Scientists now know this is because the oils kill bacteria and other microbes – healthline.com
“One recent study found that burning myrrh and frankincense incense reduced airborne bacterial counts by 68%”- healthline.com
Combats Pain and Swelling
“Pain — such as headaches, joint pain and back pain — is a common complaint.
May Be a Powerful Antioxidant
Myrrh may be a powerful antioxidant, a compound that combats oxidative damage.
Oxidative damage from free radicals contributes to aging and some diseases.
A test-tube study found that myrrh oil was more effective than vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant, at fighting free radicals” – healthline.com
- Kills Some Parasites
“You can become infected with parasites from many sources, including pets, sexual activity and contaminated food or water (27Trusted Source).
Two common parasitic infections in the US are trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease, and giardiasis, an intestinal infection.”- healthline.com
MYRRH
Myrrh is used to make medicine. Myrrh is used for indigestion, ulcers, colds, cough, asthma, lung congestion, arthritis pain, cancer, leprosy, spasms, and syphilis. It is also used as a stimulant and to increase menstrual flow
Kills Harmful Bacteria
“Ancient Egyptians used myrrh and other essential oils to embalm mummies, as the oils not only provide a nice scent but also slow decay. Scientists now know this is because the oils kill bacteria and other microbes – healthline.com
“One recent study found that burning myrrh and frankincense incense reduced airborne bacterial counts by 68%”- healthline.com
Combats Pain and Swelling
“Pain — such as headaches, joint pain and back pain — is a common complaint.
May Be a Powerful Antioxidant
Myrrh may be a powerful antioxidant, a compound that combats oxidative damage.
Oxidative damage from free radicals contributes to aging and some diseases.
A test-tube study found that myrrh oil was more effective than vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant, at fighting free radicals” – healthline.com
- Kills Some Parasites
“You can become infected with parasites from many sources, including pets, sexual activity and contaminated food or water (27Trusted Source).
Two common parasitic infections in the US are trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease, and giardiasis, an intestinal infection.”- healthline.com

HAWTHORNE BERRIES
Hawthorne Berries-
“For centuries, hawthorn berry has been used as an herbal remedy for digestive problems, heart failure, and high blood pressure. In fact, it’s a key part of traditional Chinese medicine.” – Healthline.com
Loaded with antioxidants
“Hawthorn berry is a rich source of polyphenols, which are powerful antioxidant compounds found in plants (2Trusted Source).
Antioxidants help neutralize unstable molecules called free radicals that can harm your body when they are present at high levels. These molecules can come from poor diet, as well as environmental toxins like air pollution and cigarette smoke (3Trusted Source).
Due to their antioxidant activity, polyphenols have been associated with numerous health benefits, including a lower risk of the following (4Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source):
- some cancers
- type 2 diabetes
- asthma
- some infections
- heart problems
- premature skin aging
Though initial research is promising, more studies are needed to assess hawthorn berries’ effects on disease risk.”- Healthline.com
HAWTHORNE BERRIES
Hawthorne Berries-
“For centuries, hawthorn berry has been used as an herbal remedy for digestive problems, heart failure, and high blood pressure. In fact, it’s a key part of traditional Chinese medicine.” – Healthline.com
Loaded with antioxidants
“Hawthorn berry is a rich source of polyphenols, which are powerful antioxidant compounds found in plants (2Trusted Source).
Antioxidants help neutralize unstable molecules called free radicals that can harm your body when they are present at high levels. These molecules can come from poor diet, as well as environmental toxins like air pollution and cigarette smoke (3Trusted Source).
Due to their antioxidant activity, polyphenols have been associated with numerous health benefits, including a lower risk of the following (4Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source):
- some cancers
- type 2 diabetes
- asthma
- some infections
- heart problems
- premature skin aging
Though initial research is promising, more studies are needed to assess hawthorn berries’ effects on disease risk.”- Healthline.com

FO-TI
What does the research say about fo-ti?
Fo-ti’s anti-aging reputation has gained some scientific support.
According to a review published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, some research suggests that a compound found in fo-ti may help treat Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Researchers have found that it may have neuroprotective properties and antioxidant effects.
It’s also been linked to improvements in learning and memory in research on mice. According to the same review, some studies also suggest that fo-ti may contain compounds that can help treat inflammation, high cholesterol, and cancer.
Another study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism found “surprisingly high estrogen activity” in fo-ti. This suggests it might provide a potential estrogen replacement source for menopausal women.
When it comes to using fo-ti for constipation, certain compounds in the herb have a laxative effect. Those compounds are called anthraquinones. However, they may also cause liver damage.
According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, several people have experienced acute liver damage after taking fo-ti. Most of them recovered quickly after they stopped taking the herb. But some people have died.
While some of the early research findings are promising, more research is needed on the potential benefits and risks of fo-ti. The herb has been linked to side effects”- healthline.com
“Red fo-ti is considered an energy tonic. TCM practitioners believe it can help restore the color of graying hair, combat premature aging, and offset erectile dysfunction. It’s also used to treat:”-Healthline.com
- headaches
- muscle soreness
- high blood pressure
- tuberculosis
- diabetes
- cancer
- infertility
FO-TI
What does the research say about fo-ti?
Fo-ti’s anti-aging reputation has gained some scientific support.
According to a review published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, some research suggests that a compound found in fo-ti may help treat Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Researchers have found that it may have neuroprotective properties and antioxidant effects.
It’s also been linked to improvements in learning and memory in research on mice. According to the same review, some studies also suggest that fo-ti may contain compounds that can help treat inflammation, high cholesterol, and cancer.
Another study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism found “surprisingly high estrogen activity” in fo-ti. This suggests it might provide a potential estrogen replacement source for menopausal women.
When it comes to using fo-ti for constipation, certain compounds in the herb have a laxative effect. Those compounds are called anthraquinones. However, they may also cause liver damage.
According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, several people have experienced acute liver damage after taking fo-ti. Most of them recovered quickly after they stopped taking the herb. But some people have died.
While some of the early research findings are promising, more research is needed on the potential benefits and risks of fo-ti. The herb has been linked to side effects”- healthline.com
“Red fo-ti is considered an energy tonic. TCM practitioners believe it can help restore the color of graying hair, combat premature aging, and offset erectile dysfunction. It’s also used to treat:”-Healthline.com
- headaches
- muscle soreness
- high blood pressure
- tuberculosis
- diabetes
- cancer
- infertility

SCHISANDRA BERRY
schisandra berry Benefits-
“Schisandra is also used for preventing early aging and increasing lifespan, normalizing blood sugar and blood pressure, stimulating the immune system, and speeding recovery after surgery. It is also used for treating liver disease (hepatitis) and protecting the liver from poisons.” -WedMd.com
“Alzheimer’s disease
A 2017 studyTrusted Source found that Schisandrin B had a beneficial, positive effect on Alzheimer’s disease.Researchers determined that this was caused by Schisandrin B’s ability to block formation of excess amyloid beta peptides in the brain. These peptides are one of the components responsible for forming amyloid plaque, a substance found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Another study indicates that Schisandrin B may be effective against both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. This is due to its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective effect upon microglial cells in the brain.
Liver disease
A 2013 animal studyTrusted Source found that pollen extracted from the Schisandra plant had a strong, antioxidant effect against toxic damage that was induced in the livers of mice. Schisandrin C was effective against liver damage in people with both acute and chronic hepatitis, a liver disease.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be the result of numerous liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. There’s more fatty acids and inflammation of the liver in NAFLD. Researchers found that Schisandrin B reduced these fatty acids in mice. It also acted like an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.
Further studies are needed in humans before dosage and duration can be sorted out.
Menopause
A 2016 studyTrusted Source analyzed the effects of Schisandra extract on women with menopausal symptoms. The study followed 36 menopausal women for one year. Researchers determined that Schisandra is effective at alleviating some symptoms of menopause. These symptoms included hot flashes, sweating, and heart palpitations.
Depression
Another recent animal studyTrusted Source found that Schisandra extract had an antidepressant effect on mice. Additional mouse studiesTrusted Source, run by the same lead researcher, solidified this finding. However, Schisandra and its potential effect on depression hasn’t been extensively studied in humans.”- Healthline.com
SCHISANDRA BERRY
schisandra berry Benefits-
“Schisandra is also used for preventing early aging and increasing lifespan, normalizing blood sugar and blood pressure, stimulating the immune system, and speeding recovery after surgery. It is also used for treating liver disease (hepatitis) and protecting the liver from poisons.” -WedMd.com
“Alzheimer’s disease
A 2017 studyTrusted Source found that Schisandrin B had a beneficial, positive effect on Alzheimer’s disease.Researchers determined that this was caused by Schisandrin B’s ability to block formation of excess amyloid beta peptides in the brain. These peptides are one of the components responsible for forming amyloid plaque, a substance found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Another study indicates that Schisandrin B may be effective against both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. This is due to its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective effect upon microglial cells in the brain.
Liver disease
A 2013 animal studyTrusted Source found that pollen extracted from the Schisandra plant had a strong, antioxidant effect against toxic damage that was induced in the livers of mice. Schisandrin C was effective against liver damage in people with both acute and chronic hepatitis, a liver disease.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be the result of numerous liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. There’s more fatty acids and inflammation of the liver in NAFLD. Researchers found that Schisandrin B reduced these fatty acids in mice. It also acted like an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.
Further studies are needed in humans before dosage and duration can be sorted out.
Menopause
A 2016 studyTrusted Source analyzed the effects of Schisandra extract on women with menopausal symptoms. The study followed 36 menopausal women for one year. Researchers determined that Schisandra is effective at alleviating some symptoms of menopause. These symptoms included hot flashes, sweating, and heart palpitations.
Depression
Another recent animal studyTrusted Source found that Schisandra extract had an antidepressant effect on mice. Additional mouse studiesTrusted Source, run by the same lead researcher, solidified this finding. However, Schisandra and its potential effect on depression hasn’t been extensively studied in humans.”- Healthline.com

LEMON VERBANA
Lemon Verbana-
Lemon verbena is used for digestive disorders including indigestion, gas, colic, diarrhea, and constipation. It is also used for agitation, joint pain, trouble sleeping (insomnia), asthma, colds, fever, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, skin conditions, and chills.Jun 11, 2021 – rxlist.com
Contain powerful plant compounds
“Perhaps the most impressive benefits of fennel and fennel seeds come from the antioxidants and potent plant compounds they contain.
Essential oil of the plant has been shown to contain more than 87 volatile compounds, including the polyphenol antioxidants rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and apigenin (6Trusted Source).
Polyphenol antioxidants are potent anti-inflammatory agents that have powerful effects on your health.
Studies suggest that people who follow diets rich in these antioxidants have a lower risk of chronic conditions like heart disease, obesity, cancer, neurological diseases, and type 2 diabetes (7Trusted Source).
What’s more, over 28 compounds have been identified in fennel seeds, including anethole, fenchone, methyl chavicol, and limonene.
Animal and test-tube studies note that the organic compoundanethole has anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties (8Trusted Source).
Finally, the plant compound limonene helps combat free radicals and has been shown to protect rat cells from damage caused by certain chronic diseases“- healthline.com
LEMON VERBANA
Lemon Verbana-
Lemon verbena is used for digestive disorders including indigestion, gas, colic, diarrhea, and constipation. It is also used for agitation, joint pain, trouble sleeping (insomnia), asthma, colds, fever, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, skin conditions, and chills.Jun 11, 2021 – rxlist.com
Contain powerful plant compounds
“Perhaps the most impressive benefits of fennel and fennel seeds come from the antioxidants and potent plant compounds they contain.
Essential oil of the plant has been shown to contain more than 87 volatile compounds, including the polyphenol antioxidants rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and apigenin (6Trusted Source).
Polyphenol antioxidants are potent anti-inflammatory agents that have powerful effects on your health.
Studies suggest that people who follow diets rich in these antioxidants have a lower risk of chronic conditions like heart disease, obesity, cancer, neurological diseases, and type 2 diabetes (7Trusted Source).
What’s more, over 28 compounds have been identified in fennel seeds, including anethole, fenchone, methyl chavicol, and limonene.
Animal and test-tube studies note that the organic compoundanethole has anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties (8Trusted Source).
Finally, the plant compound limonene helps combat free radicals and has been shown to protect rat cells from damage caused by certain chronic diseases“- healthline.com

CUMIN
Cumin-
“The most common traditional use of cumin is for indigestion.
In fact, modern research has confirmed cumin may help rev up normal digestion
For example, it may increase the activity of digestive enzymes, potentially speeding up digestion (2).
Cumin also increases the release of bile from the liver. Bile helps digest fats and certain nutrients in your gut
In one study, 57 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) reported improved symptoms after taking concentrated cumin for two weeks”- Healthline.com
CUMIN
Cumin-
“The most common traditional use of cumin is for indigestion.
In fact, modern research has confirmed cumin may help rev up normal digestion
For example, it may increase the activity of digestive enzymes, potentially speeding up digestion (2).
Cumin also increases the release of bile from the liver. Bile helps digest fats and certain nutrients in your gut
In one study, 57 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) reported improved symptoms after taking concentrated cumin for two weeks”- Healthline.com

MARSHMALLOW ROOT
marshmallow root
“
Relieving coughs
Some natural and herbal cough syrups and cough drops contain marshmallow root. The mucilage may have a soothing effect on the esophagus by coating it.
The results of several small studies have suggested that herbal cough remedies that contain marshmallow root can have this effect. One study found that marshmallow root lozenges or syrup helped treat a dry cough.
Another study found that children who took an herbal mixture that contained marshmallow and other herbs, including chamomile and common mallow, had a less severe cough and fewer nighttime awakenings than those who received a placebo instead. This study did not, however, look at the effects of marshmallow root alone, so other herbs in the mixture could have been responsible for the medicinal effects.
The results of a third small-scale study suggest that children who received an herbal mixture that contained marshmallow root and other medicinal plants had fewer and less-prolonged respiratory infections.
Parents and caregivers should talk to a doctor before giving a child any herbal remedies.
- Improving dry mouth
Chronic dry mouth, which the medical community calls xerostomia, can cause an increase in cavities, gum disease, and dental infections. Dry mouth usually means that a person has too little saliva in their mouth.
Antihistamines, blood pressure medications, neurological problems, and autoimmune diseases are among its many causes.
The authors of one study concluded that people who have hyposalivation, or low levels of saliva, may benefit from using marshmallow root. The herbal remedy helped with dry mouth symptoms, although it was not more effective than the other two treatments in the study, which were both over-the-counter dry mouth treatments.
To treat dry mouth, people can use marshmallow root lozenges. It is important to allow the lozenge to dissolve slowly in the mouth and to avoid chewing it.
Alternatively, people can make an herbal tea using either marshmallow root tea bags or the dried herb in a tea strainer and drink 2 to 3 cups daily.
- Protecting against ulcers
Share on P
A 2015 study found that marshmallow flower extract could help protect the gut from gastric ulcers.
Researchers tested the effects of the extract on rats, using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) to induce ulcers in the rodents. Rats that received marshmallow root were less likely to develop stomach ulcers than rats who did not get the extract.
Based on these results, the authors suggest that the mucilage and flavonoids in the marshmallow plant may cover and protect the mucous lining of the stomach, which may reduce the risk of certain ulcers, including NSAID-associated ulcers.”- Medical news today
MARSHMALLOW ROOT
marshmallow root
“
Relieving coughs
Some natural and herbal cough syrups and cough drops contain marshmallow root. The mucilage may have a soothing effect on the esophagus by coating it.
The results of several small studies have suggested that herbal cough remedies that contain marshmallow root can have this effect. One study found that marshmallow root lozenges or syrup helped treat a dry cough.
Another study found that children who took an herbal mixture that contained marshmallow and other herbs, including chamomile and common mallow, had a less severe cough and fewer nighttime awakenings than those who received a placebo instead. This study did not, however, look at the effects of marshmallow root alone, so other herbs in the mixture could have been responsible for the medicinal effects.
The results of a third small-scale study suggest that children who received an herbal mixture that contained marshmallow root and other medicinal plants had fewer and less-prolonged respiratory infections.
Parents and caregivers should talk to a doctor before giving a child any herbal remedies.
- Improving dry mouth
Chronic dry mouth, which the medical community calls xerostomia, can cause an increase in cavities, gum disease, and dental infections. Dry mouth usually means that a person has too little saliva in their mouth.
Antihistamines, blood pressure medications, neurological problems, and autoimmune diseases are among its many causes.
The authors of one study concluded that people who have hyposalivation, or low levels of saliva, may benefit from using marshmallow root. The herbal remedy helped with dry mouth symptoms, although it was not more effective than the other two treatments in the study, which were both over-the-counter dry mouth treatments.
To treat dry mouth, people can use marshmallow root lozenges. It is important to allow the lozenge to dissolve slowly in the mouth and to avoid chewing it.
Alternatively, people can make an herbal tea using either marshmallow root tea bags or the dried herb in a tea strainer and drink 2 to 3 cups daily.
- Protecting against ulcers
Share on P
A 2015 study found that marshmallow flower extract could help protect the gut from gastric ulcers.
Researchers tested the effects of the extract on rats, using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) to induce ulcers in the rodents. Rats that received marshmallow root were less likely to develop stomach ulcers than rats who did not get the extract.
Based on these results, the authors suggest that the mucilage and flavonoids in the marshmallow plant may cover and protect the mucous lining of the stomach, which may reduce the risk of certain ulcers, including NSAID-associated ulcers.”- Medical news today

SLIPPERY ELM
slippery elm
The plant also is used as a lubricant to ease labor, as a source of nutrition for convalescence or baby food preparations, and for its activity against herpes and syphilis
SLIPPERY ELM
slippery elm
The plant also is used as a lubricant to ease labor, as a source of nutrition for convalescence or baby food preparations, and for its activity against herpes and syphilis

SACHROYMYCEES CEREVISIAE

“Research has shown that S. cerevisiae, the strain of yeast in nutritional yeast, can support th immune system and reduce inflammation resulting from bacterial infection. It may also be helpful in treating diarrhea.” –
Medical News today
cerevisiae, aka brewer’s yeast, is full of nutrients and is a wonderful probiotic for gut health, skin health, and wound healing.
“IBS
In one clinical trial, S. cerevisiae reduced abdominal pain and discomfort in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [
In another trial, however, S. cerevisiae had no beneficial effect on IBS symptoms and wellbeing. However, it seemed to have some effect in the subgroup with constipation [7].
IBD
- cerevisiae improved symptoms in mice with acute ulcerative colitis [8].
- cerevisiae reduced inflammation, restored barrier function, and inhibited colitis in mice [9].”- “Animal & Cell Research (Lacking Evidence)
No clinical evidence supports the use of S. cerevisiae for any of the conditions listed in this section. Below is a summary o the existing animal and cell-based research, which should guide further investigational efforts. However, the studies liste below should not be interpreted as supportive of any health benefit.
4) Phytate Degradation
Phytic acid (phytate) is found in many cereal grains, oilseeds, legumes, flours, and brans. It forms insoluble complexes wi minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium, and lowers their bioavailability. Humans lack the enzymes for phyta complex degradation [2].”
“2) Skin Health
- cerevisiae extract (SCE) is used in cosmetics, where it reduces oxidative stress and improves skin conditions. It was sho to enhance skin moisture and skin microrelief in volunteers [10].
3) Wound Healing
Topical treatment with a water-insoluble glucan from S. cerevisiae enhanced venous ulcer healing in humans. In a patien who had an ulcer that would not heal for over 15 years, this treatment caused a 67.8% decrease in the area of the ulcer [11].”-
9) Mucositis
“Gastrointestinal mucositis is a major and serious side effect of cancer therapy. S. cerevisiae reduced oxidative stress, prevented weight loss and intestinal lesions, and maintained the integrity of the mucosal barrier in mice with mucositis [21].” – Puya Yazdi MD
Dr. Puya Yazdi is a physician-scientist with 14+ years of experience in clinical medicine, life sciences, biotechnology, and nutraceuticals
SACHROYMYCEES CEREVISIAE

“Research has shown that S. cerevisiae, the strain of yeast in nutritional yeast, can support th immune system and reduce inflammation resulting from bacterial infection. It may also be helpful in treating diarrhea.” –
Medical News today
cerevisiae, aka brewer’s yeast, is full of nutrients and is a wonderful probiotic for gut health, skin health, and wound healing.
“IBS
In one clinical trial, S. cerevisiae reduced abdominal pain and discomfort in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [
In another trial, however, S. cerevisiae had no beneficial effect on IBS symptoms and wellbeing. However, it seemed to have some effect in the subgroup with constipation [7].
IBD
- cerevisiae improved symptoms in mice with acute ulcerative colitis [8].
- cerevisiae reduced inflammation, restored barrier function, and inhibited colitis in mice [9].”- “Animal & Cell Research (Lacking Evidence)
No clinical evidence supports the use of S. cerevisiae for any of the conditions listed in this section. Below is a summary o the existing animal and cell-based research, which should guide further investigational efforts. However, the studies liste below should not be interpreted as supportive of any health benefit.
4) Phytate Degradation
Phytic acid (phytate) is found in many cereal grains, oilseeds, legumes, flours, and brans. It forms insoluble complexes wi minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium, and lowers their bioavailability. Humans lack the enzymes for phyta complex degradation [2].”
“2) Skin Health
- cerevisiae extract (SCE) is used in cosmetics, where it reduces oxidative stress and improves skin conditions. It was sho to enhance skin moisture and skin microrelief in volunteers [10].
3) Wound Healing
Topical treatment with a water-insoluble glucan from S. cerevisiae enhanced venous ulcer healing in humans. In a patien who had an ulcer that would not heal for over 15 years, this treatment caused a 67.8% decrease in the area of the ulcer [11].”-
9) Mucositis
“Gastrointestinal mucositis is a major and serious side effect of cancer therapy. S. cerevisiae reduced oxidative stress, prevented weight loss and intestinal lesions, and maintained the integrity of the mucosal barrier in mice with mucositis [21].” – Puya Yazdi MD
Dr. Puya Yazdi is a physician-scientist with 14+ years of experience in clinical medicine, life sciences, biotechnology, and nutraceuticals

SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII

“Saccharomyces boulardii is used for treating and preventing diarrhea, including infectious types such as rotaviral diarrhe in children, diarrhea caused by gastrointestinal (GI) take-over (overgrowth) by “bad” bacteria in adults, traveler’s diarrhe and diarrhea associated with tube feedings” -Rxlist.com Jun 11, 2021
Helps with…
Crohn’s disease diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome ulcerative colitis Gastrointestinal Disorders
Saccharomyces boulardii may help in the treatment and/or prevention of certain gastrointestinal disorders, “according to report published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2010.2 For the report, investigators analyzed 27 clinical tria testing the use of Saccharomyces boulardii for various diseases. They found that it helped with travelers diarrhea and diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics.
Moreover, it also shows that it shows promise to helping with IBS, acute adult diarrhea, and Crohn’s disease. More resea must be conducted on Saccharomyces boulardii”
SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII

“Saccharomyces boulardii is used for treating and preventing diarrhea, including infectious types such as rotaviral diarrhe in children, diarrhea caused by gastrointestinal (GI) take-over (overgrowth) by “bad” bacteria in adults, traveler’s diarrhe and diarrhea associated with tube feedings” -Rxlist.com Jun 11, 2021
Helps with…
Crohn’s disease diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome ulcerative colitis Gastrointestinal Disorders
Saccharomyces boulardii may help in the treatment and/or prevention of certain gastrointestinal disorders, “according to report published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2010.2 For the report, investigators analyzed 27 clinical tria testing the use of Saccharomyces boulardii for various diseases. They found that it helped with travelers diarrhea and diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics.
Moreover, it also shows that it shows promise to helping with IBS, acute adult diarrhea, and Crohn’s disease. More resea must be conducted on Saccharomyces boulardii”

GLUCONOBACTER BACTERIA

12 Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. suboxydans
Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. suboxydans, formerly known as Acetobacter suboxydans is a Gram-negative ellipsoidal to rod-shaped (0.5–0.8 μm × 0.9–4.2 μm) bacterium which occurs as single cells and/or in pairs. The cells, on rare occasions, form chains or enlarged, swollen forms. It was found to have a small genome size (2240–3787 kb) (Verma et al., 1997), which may be due to the organism having a small range of metabolic activities (Brubaker, 1991). This organism has a relatively slow growth rate, a low concentration of cells in the mature culture, and a disordered metabolism, leading to describe it as a spontaneous auxotrophic mutant (Kulhanek, 1989). The organism is an obligate aerobe with oxygen as th terminal electron acceptor. The optimum growth temperature is 25–30°C with no growth occurring at 37°C. The optimal for growth is 5.5–6.0, although most strains will grow at lower pH values. Gluconobacter can be found naturally in garden soil, fruit, cider, beer and wine. It is responsible for rot in apples and pears (De Ley and Swings, 1984).”
Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Different Phytochemicals Against Enteric Diseases in Different Animal Models
GLUCONOBACTER BACTERIA

12 Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. suboxydans
Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. suboxydans, formerly known as Acetobacter suboxydans is a Gram-negative ellipsoidal to rod-shaped (0.5–0.8 μm × 0.9–4.2 μm) bacterium which occurs as single cells and/or in pairs. The cells, on rare occasions, form chains or enlarged, swollen forms. It was found to have a small genome size (2240–3787 kb) (Verma et al., 1997), which may be due to the organism having a small range of metabolic activities (Brubaker, 1991). This organism has a relatively slow growth rate, a low concentration of cells in the mature culture, and a disordered metabolism, leading to describe it as a spontaneous auxotrophic mutant (Kulhanek, 1989). The organism is an obligate aerobe with oxygen as th terminal electron acceptor. The optimum growth temperature is 25–30°C with no growth occurring at 37°C. The optimal for growth is 5.5–6.0, although most strains will grow at lower pH values. Gluconobacter can be found naturally in garden soil, fruit, cider, beer and wine. It is responsible for rot in apples and pears (De Ley and Swings, 1984).”
Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Different Phytochemicals Against Enteric Diseases in Different Animal Models